Unwavering in the international class struggle
was murdered 100 years ago by a far-right death squad along with his comrade and fellow leader of revolutionary socialism, Rosa Luxemburg. This tragedy struck a few months after the German Revolution began with a revolt of sailors and soldiers against the barbarism of the First World War that led to the fall of the Kaiser.
Liebknecht and Luxemburg were among the minority of German socialists who defied the Social Democratic Party’s support for the war. They were co-founders of the Spartacist League, which later became the German Communist Party. In June 1916, Liebknecht was convicted and sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison for attending an illegal May Day demonstration and calling for the downfall of the government. Such was the discontent in German society already that his sentencing prompted a strike by 55,000 metalworkers in Berlin.
Below is Liebknecht’s speech to the court during his trial. It was previously published at SW in a new translation by John Riddell as part of the SW series marking the 100-year anniversary of the First World War that John edited.
I WISH to clarify the record of what I said during the investigation of my case as follows:
1. In terms of both its historical and social character, the German government is a tool to oppress and exploit the working masses. Both its domestic and its foreign policy serve the interests of the landed aristocracy, capitalism and imperialism.
By ruthlessly pursuing global expansion and vigorously promoting the arms race, it is among the most significant forces contributing to the causes of the present war.
Together with the Austrian government, it instigated this war and thus bears the main immediate responsibility for its outbreak.
It staged this war by deceiving the masses and even parliament, by keeping secret its ultimatum to Belgium, publishing the German justification for the war and concealing the Tsar’s [conciliatory] telegram of July 29, 1914. It uses despicable means in attempting to maintain popular support for the war.
The government conducts the war with methods that are monstrous even by comparison with previous practices...
It has made use of martial law to greatly increase the economic exploitation of the masses and the denial of their political rights. It blocks any serious political or social reform. And meanwhile, the government puts out phrases about supposed equality of all parties, rejection of political or social discrimination and a supposed “new orientation” — all in an attempt to keep these masses obedient to its imperialist war policy.
Its subservience to landlord and capitalist interests has resulted in an utter failure to provide for the economic needs of the masses, leading to scandalous extortion and misery among the population.
Even today the government holds firmly to its war aim of conquest, thereby posing the main obstacle to immediate negotiations for peace on the basis of no annexations and of respect for national rights. By illegally maintaining the state of siege (censorship, etc.), it prevents the public from learning of inconvenient facts regarding its policies and blocks socialist criticism. Its system of seeming legality and sham concern for the population are thus exposed as nothing more than a cover for true violence and genuine hostility and ill-will toward the masses.
My call “Down with the government“ serves to brand the totality of its policies as disastrous for the popular masses. This call also signifies that every socialist, every champion of workers’ interests is duty bound to carry out an unremitting class struggle against the government.
2. The present war is not being waged to defend the integrity of nations, the liberation of oppressed peoples, or the well-being of the population.
From the point of view of the proletariat, this war serves only to greatly increase and intensify the political oppression, economic exhaustion and military slaughter of the working class for the benefit of capitalism and absolutism.
The working class of all countries responds to this with a single cry:
Redouble the international class struggle against the capitalist governments and ruling classes of every country.
Eliminate every form of oppression and exploitation.
Bring the war to an end through a peace based on socialist principles.
This class struggle embraces everything that socialists are pledged to defend in order to serve their true fatherland, the International.
By my call “Down with the war!“ I seek to express my fundamental opposition to and hatred of the present war in terms of its historical character, its overall social causes, the precise way in which it broke out, the manner in which it is conducted and the goals that its seeks to achieve. Everyone who wants to defend working people’s interests is obligated to take part in an international class struggle to end it.
3. As a socialist, I am fundamentally opposed both to this war and to the existing militarist system. I have always upheld the struggle against militarism as a particularly vital task — indeed, a matter of life and death — for the working class of every country (see my text, Militarism and Antimilitarism, published in 1907, and the international youth conferences in Stuttgart 1907 and Copenhagen 1910). The war demands that we redouble our efforts to oppose militarism.
4. Since 1889, the First of May has been dedicated to demonstrations and education for the basic ideas of socialism and its opposition to every form of exploitation, oppression and violation of human rights. May Day stands for the common interests of workers of all countries, a solidarity that is not negated but strengthened by war. It stands opposed to war and fratricidal slaughter and committed to peace.
The sacred duty to proclaim these principles is especially urgent for every socialist in time of war.
5. The policies I advocate are laid down by the decision of the Internationalist Socialist Congress in Stuttgart (1907), which obligated socialists in every country, if war could not be prevented, to employ every means in bringing it to a rapid conclusion and to utilize the social conditions it creates to hasten the end of the capitalist social order.
This policy is internationalist to the core. It sets down the same duty that I and others have fulfilled in Germany for socialists in the other belligerent countries with regard to their governments and ruling classes.
Carried out internationally, this policy inspires workers in each country through the example set in other lands and promotes an international class struggle against the war.
I have been among those who have publicly advocated this policy at every opportunity since the war began. In addition, to the degree possible, I and others have entered into contact with our co-thinkers in other countries. To this end we undertook trips to Belgium and the Netherlands in September 1914, wrote a Christmas letter to the Labour Leader in 1914, and held conferences in Switzerland [at Zimmerwald and Kienthal], although I was unfortunately prevented by government repression from in personally taking part.
6. I will stand by this policy come what may. However, it is not mine alone; it is the policy of a constantly increasing portion of the population in Germany and in other warring and neutral countries. Soon it will be the policy of the working class of every country. That is my hope and also the goal for which I am determined to strive without letup. And when that is achieved, the working class will possess the power to break the will of the present imperialist ruling classes and remake the relationships and conditions of all peoples in the interests of all.
Liebknecht, Soldier, Corps of Engineers
Translated by John Riddell. First published in a different translation in Lenin’s Struggle for a Revolutionary International, edited by John Riddell, New York: Pathfinder, 1984, pp. 454-6. Source: Dokumente und Materialien zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, Berlin: Dietz, 1958, series 2, vol. 1, pp. 380-3.
